How to price physical therapy sessions and packages

To price physical therapy sessions, start from your own numbers, not a competitor's price list. Work out what one hour of clinical time costs you once your fixed costs, your own pay and the hours you can really fill are counted, then set a fee for each type of visit that sits above that floor. Check local rates only from public information and make the decision alone. Competition law bars agreeing prices with competitors in the USA, Canada, the UK, Australia and New Zealand; the US Federal Trade Commission calls a naked agreement among competitors to fix prices "almost always illegal" and the Australian regulator says price fixing "is always illegal". Then put every fee in writing, tell patients before care starts, keep packages refundable, and review the list once a year.

It is written for physical therapists (PTs), physiotherapists and practice owners who work privately, and it gives a method rather than a number. There are no fees, rates, salaries or market figures on this page. A figure that is fair in one town can be wrong in the next, never mind in another country. The worked examples use letters or made-up round numbers that only show the arithmetic. The rules quoted were read on regulator and professional body pages in September 2026, and the page is education, not legal, tax or accounting advice.

How do you work out the cost of a physical therapy session?

A session costs you more than the time the patient spends in the room. Rent is due whether the diary is full or not. Notes and reports take time nobody books, and some patients cancel.

The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (CSP) makes the point in its advice on insurer rates: "Fees need to cover your costs as well as recognise time and skill." For time, it tells physios to count "not just the time for a consultation but also the time: writing reports, recording notes and insurer required administration."

Four numbers get you to a cost floor. Work them out for a full year, because a single month hides holidays and slow spells.

1. Fixed costs (F)

Fixed costs are what you pay whether you see 5 patients a week or 50. The CSP gives UK physios a list of costs a fee has to cover, and it works as a prompt anywhere. Combined with a few items it leaves out, a yearly list usually includes:

• premises: rent, utilities, cleaning
• business and professional insurance
• registration or license fees, plus professional membership
• continuing professional development (CPD)
• IT and software subscriptions, including your notes system
• accounting and banking fees
• equipment, including a yearly amount toward replacing it
• protective equipment and medical supplies not tied to a single visit
• marketing
• pay and on-costs for staff who do not treat patients, such as a receptionist

Use last year's bills if you have them, and written quotes if you are starting out.

2. What the practice has to pay you (S)

If you own the practice, your pay comes out of whatever is left after costs. Put a yearly figure on it anyway, before income tax, and include what an employer would otherwise pay on top, such as pension or retirement contributions. Leave S out and the floor you calculate is the point where you work for nothing. If other clinicians work for you, add their pay and on-costs here, and add their hours to H below.

3. Clinical hours you can actually sell (H)

Be realistic here, because a small change in H moves the result a lot (the worked example below shows how much). Start with the weeks you will actually work (W): 52 minus leave, public holidays, CPD days and a realistic allowance for illness. Then take the hours a week you can book patients (C), after admin time comes out (notes, reports, calls, billing, running the business). Last comes the share of those bookable hours that end up filled and attended (U), after allowing for empty slots, late cancellations or no-shows.

H = W × C × U

If you are new, U will be low for the first months while the practice builds. Once you have a few months of bookings, your diary will tell you the real figure. Two guides on this site deal with the things that pull U down: the cancellation policy guide covers reminders and missed visits, and the patient retention guide covers patients who stop coming part way through a plan.

4. Variable cost per visit (V)

Some costs only happen when a patient comes in. Card processing fees are one. Single-use supplies, laundry, reminder messages, tape or bands you hand out without charging are others. Add them up per visit. Travel for home visits is variable too, and it gets its own line further down.

Putting the numbers together

Your cost per clinical hour (R) is your fixed costs plus your pay, spread over the hours you can sell:

R = (F + S) ÷ H

The floor for a visit that uses t hours of your bookable time is:

Floor = (R × t) + V

The floor is the least a visit can bring in without the practice losing money or paying you less than S. It is not your fee. The fee sits above it, for reasons covered in the section on moving from floor to fee.

A worked example with made-up numbers

Every number below is invented and rounded so the arithmetic is easy to follow. None of them is a market rate, a cost or a salary for any country, and none is a suggestion of what to charge. The example uses US dollars. The method is the same in pounds, euros, or Canadian, Australian or New Zealand dollars.

Input	Made-up value, for arithmetic only
F, fixed costs per year	$30,000
S, pay per year	$60,000
W, weeks worked per year	45
C, bookable hours per week	25
U, share of bookable hours filled and attended	80%
V, variable cost per visit	$5

With those inputs, H = 45 × 25 × 0.8 = 900 hours a year. R = ($30,000 + $60,000) ÷ 900 = $100 per clinical hour.

Visit type, with made-up times	t (hours)	Floor
Follow-up, 30 minutes	0.5	$100 × 0.5 + $5 = $55
Initial assessment, 60 minutes plus 15 minutes of extra write-up	1.25	$100 × 1.25 + $5 = $130
Home visit, 45 minutes plus 30 minutes of travel, plus a made-up $10 for fuel and parking	1.25	$100 × 1.25 + $5 + $10 = $140

Now change one input. Say only 60% of bookable hours are filled and attended instead of 80%. H drops to 675 hours, R rises to about $133, and the floor for the 30-minute follow-up goes from $55 to about $72. Nothing else moved. That is why attendance belongs in the sum, and why a fee set in a busy month can slip below the floor in a quiet one.

Setting fees for each type of visit

Most practices need a handful of fee lines, plus extras. Each follows the same rule: work out how much bookable time and variable cost the visit type really uses, then compare it with the floor.

Initial assessment

A first visit is usually longer, and more of the work happens after the patient leaves. There is the full history and red flag screening, then outcome measures, a written plan of care and often a letter to the referrer. Count the extra time in t. If you write a separate report for a doctor, an insurer or a lawyer, give it its own fee line instead of folding it into the assessment. For what a US plan of care has to contain, see the plan of care guide.

Follow-up visits

Follow-ups fill most of the diary, so small errors here add up fastest. If you book more than one length, such as 30 and 45 minutes, give each its own fee. One fee for both means the longer slot earns less per hour than the shorter one.

Home visits

Travel is the cost people forget. Every minute in the car is a minute you cannot book, so travel time belongs in t, and fuel, mileage, parking or tolls belong in the cost of the trip. One option is to set travel zones by distance, each with its own fee. If you do, list the zones and fees in your fee schedule so patients can see them before they book.

Telehealth

Run the same arithmetic. A video session still uses your bookable time, and most fixed costs carry on whether the patient is in the room or on a screen. So do not assume it should cost less, or more: your numbers will tell you. Before billing a video session to an insurer or funder, check that payer's rules, and check with your regulator if the patient is in another state, province or country. For setting up video sessions, see the telehealth guide.

Reports, record copies and products

Write down everything else you charge for, from medico-legal or insurer reports and copies of records to braces, equipment or classes. The College of Physiotherapists of Ontario's Funding, Fees and Billing Standard lists "Reports and fees for copies of patient records" and "Equipment and any additional fees" among the charges a patient's fee schedule must include, which makes it a useful checklist wherever you practice.

Tax can differ between items. In the UK, HMRC's VAT Notice 701/57 treats a registered physiotherapist's services, within the profession they are registered for, as exempt from VAT when their primary purpose is protecting, maintaining or restoring health. It says a report done solely for a third party's insurance or legal decision is taxable at the standard rate, though it also notes that some insurance-related services can be exempt under other rules. In Canada, the CRA says physiotherapy services are exempt from GST/HST when given by a practitioner within the scope of the profession, and its policy statement P-256 treats some examinations and reports for insurers or lawyers as outside the exemption. The UK and Canada practice-start guides explain the details, and your accountant can check your own list.

From the floor to your fee

Your fee needs room above the floor. The floor has nothing spare for equipment that breaks early, a slow winter, bills that go unpaid or money to grow the practice. How much room to leave is a business decision, and an accountant can help you model it. After that, look outward: at who the practice is for, what else those patients can choose, and whether they can afford the whole plan.

The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) writes its fee advice for US practices going out of network, but the principles carry over. It says "it is recommended that you bill based upon a single fee schedule for all of the services that you provide", and "It is good practice to establish a policy for discounts and apply them consistently." It also asks the PT to "make certain that the patient is able to afford the visits necessary to reach the goals."

The Ontario standard adds a limit worth copying even if it does not bind you. The physiotherapist "Knows that any departure from the established fee schedule can only be to reduce fees." Put simply: one published list, discounts only under a written rule, and never a higher fee for one patient than the list says.

When an insurer, a network contract or a public funder pays for care, check its rules before you apply your own list. Medicare in the USA, ACC in New Zealand and the NDIS in Australia each have their own fee rules. The site's guides cover them, along with self-pay care and insurance that pays the patient back:

• Cash-based physical therapy, including Medicare limits for PTs
• Out-of-network physical therapy and superbills
• ACC and physiotherapy in New Zealand
• NDIS physiotherapy
• Physio and private health insurance extras in Australia
• Extended health benefits and physiotherapy in Canada

How to check local rates without price fixing

Knowing what other practices charge helps you see where you sit. Getting that information the wrong way can break competition law. Each regulator below says it differently, but the message is the same: set your prices yourself, and do not agree or share them with competitors.

What the competition regulators say

USA. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) defines price fixing as "an agreement (written, verbal, or inferred from conduct) among competitors to raise, lower, maintain, or stabilize prices or price levels." It says "A naked agreement among competitors to fix prices is almost always illegal", and also: "Each company is free to set its own prices, and it may charge the same price as its competitors as long as the decision was not based on any agreement or coordination with a competitor."

UK. The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) says "Competitively sensitive information covers any non-public strategic information about a business's commercial policy." To comply with competition law, it says not to discuss your business's future "pricing intentions, including rebates or discounts" with competitors, and to leave any situation where a competitor discusses their future pricing plans. For insurer rates, the CSP is explicit: "Physiotherapists can choose whether or not to accept an insurer's fee structure, but collective negotiation is not permitted under competition law." The CSP also advises members not to accept rates that "don't reflect the full costs of providing advice or treatment", which is where your floor earns its keep.

Canada. The Competition Bureau's Competitor Collaboration Guidelines describe criminal price fixing as agreeing "to fix, maintain, increase or control the price for the supply of the product." The guidelines say this can include "agreements between competitors to use a common pricing algorithm or price list in their negotiations with customers", and that exchanging pricing information or costs with competitors can raise concerns under the Competition Act. A person found guilty can face up to 14 years in prison, a fine set by the court, or both.

Australia. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) says "Although businesses are free to set their own prices, they must do so independently of other businesses." It calls price fixing "a form of cartel conduct" that "is always illegal." Among its tips: "Avoid speaking to your competitors about customers and pricing, including bids for projects."

New Zealand. The Commerce Commission's advice is direct: "Do not agree prices, discounts or any matters relating to price with your competitors (unless it is a specific sub-contract you are discussing)." It also says not to exchange pricing with competitors. If another business approaches you to discuss pricing, the Commission says to object straight away, leave the discussion and contact it. Individuals involved in a cartel can face jail time of up to 7 years.

Safe habits for checking local fees

These are practical suggestions drawn from the rules above, not legal advice:

1. Use only what any patient could see, such as fee lists published on clinic websites. Note where and when you looked.
2. Do not ask other practice owners what they charge or plan to charge, and do not tell them your plans. That includes professional meetings, study groups or group chats.
3. Do not agree with another practice on a common fee, a minimum fee, a shared discount or a shared price list.
4. If someone raises it, say no and leave the conversation.
5. Decide your fee from your own floor and your own judgment. The FTC says you may charge the same price as a competitor if the decision was not based on any agreement or coordination, and the ACCC says independently matching a competitor's price is unlikely to be illegal.
6. If you compare your prices with another clinic's in an ad, New Zealand's Commerce Commission says the services compared "should be exactly the same, not just similar." For the wider rules on advertising, see the physical therapy marketing guide.

Packages and prepaid blocks

A package is a set number of visits paid for in advance, often at a lower price per visit. It helps cash flow, and it can help a patient commit to a plan. It also moves risk to the patient, who has paid for visits they may not need, may not manage to use, or may not want once care has started. That is why the Ontario standard and the UK consumer guidance below both deal with prepayment directly.

Clinically, the package should follow the plan of care, never the other way round. Sell a block only when your assessment supports that number of visits. If the patient reaches their goals early, discharge them and refund what is left.

What the rules say about prepayment

Canada (Ontario). Before accepting prepayment or providing bundled physiotherapy services (other than bundled fees required by a predefined third-party payment plan), the Ontario standard expects the physiotherapist to employ "policies and measures to mitigate the risks related to pre-payment of physiotherapy services". Its examples include:

• "Providing the patient with the option to purchase one service at a time"
• "Providing refunds for unused physiotherapy services"
• "Issuing physiotherapy receipts only after physiotherapy services are delivered"

The fee schedule a patient receives must also include "Fees and policies related to bundled physiotherapy services" and "Refund policies." Other provinces have their own colleges and standards, so check yours.

UK. The CMA's guidance on writing a fair contract applies to contracts between traders and consumers under the Consumer Rights Act 2015. It is general guidance, not written for health care, but its definition of a trader includes anyone acting for their profession, so it is likely to apply to a package sold to a self-pay patient. When a customer cancels and it is not your fault, it says "any prepayments or deposits you keep must take into account what your business will actually lose as a result." A term is unlikely to be fair if it allows you to "make prepayments non-refundable, regardless of why the customer cancels." A term is more likely to be fair if "customers do not lose large prepayments if they cancel, in all circumstances", and if, when you are not at fault, you "only seek to recoup losses that you have actually made." Where the business cancels, the guidance also lists as unlikely to be fair a term letting you "keep prepayments (including deposits) if the contract does not go ahead or the customer has received no benefit."

USA. A patient paying for their own care is usually entitled to a written good faith estimate, covered in the next section. The regulation (45 CFR 149.610) does not mention packages, but it allows a single estimate for recurring services, which can suit a planned block of visits, if it gives "the expected scope of the recurring primary items or services (such as timeframes, frequency, and total number of recurring items or services)." That scope "must not exceed 12 months." Medicare patients are a separate case, because Medicare has its own rules on what PTs can collect. Read the cash-based physical therapy guide before you offer any Medicare patient a package.

Australia and New Zealand. The sources checked for this guide do not include a package rule written for physiotherapists in either country. The fee and consent rules in the next section still apply, and so does general consumer law, so take advice before you sell prepaid blocks there. The Australia and New Zealand practice-start guides cover the wider rules for running a practice in each country.

Package arithmetic

Two checks, in letters. Let N be the number of visits in the block and P the price per visit inside it, so the patient pays N × P up front.

1. P should stay above the floor for that visit type. A discount that goes below the floor loses money on every visit sold that way.
2. Decide how you will refund unused visits, and write it down. None of the sources above sets a method. A practical suggestion is to multiply the unused visits by P, so the patient gets back exactly what they paid for the visits they did not have.

In the made-up dollars from earlier, a block price of $70 per follow-up clears the $55 floor. A patient who used 4 visits of a 6-visit block would get 2 × $70 = $140 back under that method.

A package checklist

These are practical suggestions built on the Ontario and UK rules above:

• Single visits are always on offer at the listed fee.
• The terms say how many visits are included, what each visit includes, and who can use them.
• If the block has an end date, the terms say what happens to unused visits on that date. Under the rules above, a refund is the safer answer.
• Unused visits are refunded by a written method.
• Receipts are issued for each visit once it has happened.
• In the USA, a self-pay patient who books at least 3 business days ahead, or asks, gets a good faith estimate, which can cover the block as recurring services.

Telling patients your fees before care

Every market covered here expects patients to know the cost before they are committed to it. The wording differs from country to country.

USA. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) puts it like this on its patient page: "Usually, if you aren't using health insurance to pay for your care, your health care provider must give you a good faith estimate of expected charges if you request one or schedule services at least 3 business days in advance." The regulation itself, 45 CFR 149.610, says the notice that estimates are available has to be "prominently displayed (and easily searchable from a public search engine)" on your website, in the office and where scheduling happens. It also has to be given orally when scheduling or when cost questions come up. And the regulation treats "any discussion or inquiry regarding the potential costs of items or services under consideration as a request for a good faith estimate". In other words, a patient who asks on the phone what treatment will cost has made a request.

UK. The CMA's price transparency guidance says "Prices must be clear, complete and accurate", and "The total price should normally include any unavoidable or 'mandatory' charges." It adds: "It's illegal to hide additional fees, taxes or other charges that the customer will have to pay until later in the purchase process." The CMA calls a charge mandatory if the customer must pay it to buy the product, and gives a booking fee as an example. So if every patient has to pay a booking fee or any other fixed fee, include it in the price you show.

Canada (Ontario). Before charging a patient anything, the physiotherapist must confirm that the patient has already received a fee schedule with "transparent and accurate information about billing policies and all potential charges." The physiotherapist also "Explains the fees and billing process to their patients that is related to their care and makes a reasonable effort to ensure that patients understand this process."

Australia. For registered health practitioners, the shared Code of conduct deals with fees under informed consent, in section 4.2. Good practice there includes that you "get financial consent by discussing fees in a manner appropriate to the professional relationship and addressing the costs of all required services and get general agreement about the level of treatment to be provided, preferably before the service is provided". For advertised prices, the ACCC says "Businesses must display the total price of a product or service as a single figure."

New Zealand. Right 6(1)(b) of the Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers' Rights gives every consumer the right to "an explanation of the options available, including an assessment of the expected risks, side effects, benefits, and costs of each option".

In practice, one written fee schedule does most of this work. Put it on your website, send it with the booking confirmation, and go through it at the first visit before you start. It should list every fee line and extra, including travel zones and report fees. Add the package terms, the refund method and your cancellation policy (the cancellation policy guide has sample wording). APTA suggests a "written financial policy for all patients and clients to read and sign", with the signed copy kept on file.

Reviewing your fees once a year

Fees set once and left alone drift below the floor as costs rise. A review on a fixed date each year stops that. Ontario's standard already expects it. One of the things it lists for each physio: "Routinely reviews their fees, billings, or accounts, and can demonstrate that they did the review."

A simple yearly review:

1. Recalculate all six inputs (F, S, W, C, U, V) from last year's actual figures, not last year's plan.
2. Work out the new floor for each visit type.
3. Look at attendance. If U fell, fix the diary first (reminders, follow-up calls) before you touch the fee.
4. Check every insurer and funder contract, plus any network agreement, for changed rates or terms.
5. Look again at published local fees, using only public information.
6. Decide, then write the new fee schedule with the date it takes effect.
7. Keep a short note of what you reviewed and why you decided what you did.

Give patients the new schedule before a new fee applies to them. In Ontario, the standard requires the fee schedule before the patient is subject to any fee. In the USA, if the expected charges on a self-pay patient's estimate change, 45 CFR 149.610 requires a new estimate "no later than 1 business day before the items or services are scheduled to be furnished." And if a provider's final bill is at least $400 above the expected charges that provider listed on the estimate, 45 CFR 149.620 lets the patient open a dispute, up to 120 calendar days after the first bill showing those charges arrives. A practical suggestion, not a rule: honor every package already sold at the price the patient paid.

Where the home program fits

Patients who pay per visit often ask what they should be doing between sessions. A home exercise program (HEP) is most of the answer, provided it follows the plan you wrote and the patient knows why each exercise is there and how much to do. Exercise choice and dosing are covered in how to write a home exercise program.

This step is what PocketPhysio is built for. Every exercise in the library is filmed and has its own spoken voice guide. You pick what the plan calls for, enter the sets, reps and hold time for each one, then write the cue you would say in the room. You can send it as a link, over SMS, by email or to Pocket Physio Care, the patient app, with WhatsApp as one more option. Prices are in the app.

How to price physical therapy sessions: the short version

1. Add up your yearly fixed costs, the pay the practice owes you, the clinical hours you can really fill and the variable cost per visit. That gives a cost per clinical hour and a floor for each type of visit, and your fee sits above it.
2. Check local rates only from public information, and never agree or swap prices with other practices.
3. Offer single visits alongside any package, refund unused visits, and give every patient a written fee schedule before care starts. In the USA, self-pay patients also get a good faith estimate.
4. Review the whole list once a year from real numbers, and tell patients before a new fee applies.

References

1. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. Working with private medical insurers. Published February 23, 2021, last reviewed January 5, 2023. Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.csp.org.uk/documents/working-private-medical-insurers
2. College of Physiotherapists of Ontario. Funding, Fees and Billing Standard. Effective August 1, 2025. Accessed September 29, 2026. https://collegept.org/standard/funding-fees-and-billing-standard/
3. American Physical Therapy Association. Cash Practice: Considerations for Going Out of Network. No date shown. Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.apta.org/your-practice/payment/cash-practice/cash-practice-out-of-network
4. Federal Trade Commission. Price Fixing (Guide to Antitrust Laws, Dealings with Competitors). No date shown. Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.ftc.gov/advice-guidance/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/dealings-competitors/price-fixing
5. Competition and Markets Authority. Managing competitively sensitive information. Published September 25, 2014. Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/limiting-risk-in-relation-to-competitors-information/managing-competitively-sensitive-information
6. Competition Bureau Canada. Competitor Collaboration Guidelines. May 6, 2021 (page date modified 2024-06-27). Accessed September 29, 2026. https://competition-bureau.canada.ca/en/how-we-foster-competition/education-and-outreach/competitor-collaboration-guidelines
7. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. Cartels. Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.accc.gov.au/business/competition-and-exemptions/cartels
8. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. Setting prices. Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.accc.gov.au/business/pricing/setting-prices-whats-allowed
9. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. Price displays. Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.accc.gov.au/business/pricing/displaying-prices
10. Commerce Commission New Zealand. What is a cartel? Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.comcom.govt.nz/business/avoiding-anti-competitive-behaviour/what-is-a-cartel/
11. Commerce Commission New Zealand. Pricing your products or services. Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.comcom.govt.nz/business/dealing-with-typical-situations/selling-goods-and-services/pricing-your-products-or-services/
12. Competition and Markets Authority. Writing a fair contract for customers. Published March 23, 2016, last updated July 22, 2026. Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/writing-a-fair-contract-for-customers
13. Competition and Markets Authority. Providing clear and accurate information about prices: summary (Price transparency, CMA209). Updated January 7, 2026. Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/price-transparency-cma209/providing-clear-and-accurate-information-about-prices-summary
14. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. What is a good faith health insurance estimate? Page last modified August 25, 2026. Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.cms.gov/initiatives/your-patient-rights/medical-bill-rights/get-help/medical-bill-guides-resources/what-good-faith-health-insurance-estimate
15. Code of Federal Regulations. 45 CFR 149.610, Requirements for provision of good faith estimates of expected charges for uninsured (or self-pay) individuals, paragraphs (b)(1)(iii), (b)(1)(iv), (b)(1)(vii) and (b)(1)(x). Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/45/149.610
16. Code of Federal Regulations. 45 CFR 149.620, Requirements for the patient-provider dispute resolution process, paragraphs (a)(2)(ii), (b)(1) and (c)(1). Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/45/149.620
17. HM Revenue and Customs. Health professionals and pharmaceutical products (VAT Notice 701/57), sections 2.3 and 2.4. Last updated August 13, 2026. Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/health-professionals-pharmaceutical-products-and-vat-notice-70157
18. Canada Revenue Agency. GST/HST Info Sheet GI-198, Osteopathic Service Providers. May 2022. Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/forms-publications/publications/gi-198/osteopathic-service-providers.html
19. Canada Revenue Agency. GST/HST Policy Statement P-256, Qualifying Health Care Supplies and the Application of the GST/HST to Supplies of Medical Examinations, Assessments, Reports and Certificates. May 2022. Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/forms-publications/publications/p-256/qualifying-health-care-supplies-application-gst-hst-supplies-medical-examinations-assessments-reports-certificates.html
20. Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency and National Boards. Shared Code of conduct, June 2022, section 4.2, Informed consent, item e. Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.ahpra.gov.au/Resources/Code-of-conduct/Shared-Code-of-conduct.aspx
21. Health and Disability Commissioner (Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers' Rights) Regulations 1996, Right 6(1)(b). Accessed September 29, 2026. https://www.hdc.org.nz/your-rights/about-the-code/code-of-health-and-disability-services-consumers-rights/

Written and checked by the PocketPhysio editorial team. Last updated 2026-09-29.